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Introduction Asbestos pipes, specifically asbestos cement pipes (AC pipes), have been a significant component of water distribution systems in many North American cities for decades. Despite their durability and cost-effectiveness, the…

​ Introduction Ageing water infrastructure is a pressing issue for municipalities across the globe. As water, wastewater, and sewer lines are designed to last for decades, it is not uncommon for them to remain in service well beyond their…

Corrosion remains a significant challenge in the longevity and reliability of buried piping systems, particularly for ductile iron pipes (DIP). Among the various corrosion mitigation strategies, the application of polyethylene encasement,…

Water towers are integral components of municipal water systems, serving to store and distribute potable water efficiently. Their design and operation are rooted in fundamental principles of physics and engineering, ensuring consistent…

Introduction The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was established in response to a growing awareness of environmental issues in the United States during the 1960s. Influenced by Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (1962) and several…

Introduction Define fluoridation is the controlled addition of fluoride to public water supplies to reduce tooth decay. This public health initiative aims to maintain optimal fluoride levels that effectively prevent cavities, benefiting…

Introduction Water supply management is essential for public health and environmental sustainability. The Peace River Manasota Regional Water Supply Authority has emerged as a leader in innovative water treatment methods, including the use…

Water supply and sanitation in Singapore are closely intertwined with the nation's historical development. This relationship highlights remarkable achievements in addressing geographical challenges. Singapore has established a water system…

Diatomaceous earth (D.E.) is a unique sedimentary rock characterized by its light color, porous texture, and friable nature. This material is primarily composed of the siliceous shells of diatoms, which are microscopic aquatic plants. These…

Titration is a fundamental analytical technique used extensively in water analysis to determine the concentration of various constituents. By employing precise chemical reactions, titration facilitates the quantification of substances such…