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A large portion of the population believes that safe drinking water will be delivered to their homes daily. However, many people are unaware of the importance of water utilities in providing clean drinking water to their communities.…

Organic nutrient removal (BNR) from wastewater dates back to the early 1960s, with the primary breakthroughs and features for combining both nitrogen and phosphorus elimination occurring in the 1970s in South Africa. Because of higher…

A cooling tower is a heat exchange device that transfers heat from water to the surrounding air or atmosphere to remove or reduce heat from a process or facility. It lowers water loss by reducing the amount of water that evaporates. They…

Sustainable flocculation In sustainable flocculation, we use bio-organic flocculants that are organic and don’t have any conventional metals salts or substances of synthetic origin.But we need to understand the meaning of flocculation…

What is filtration?  Filtration is the process of passing water through a medium to remove suspended particles. Impurities and floc are caught in the filter’s medium when the water flows through it, leaving only clean water behind.…

Chemical precipitation in water and wastewater treatment is the transformation of dissolved elements in water into solid particles. Chemical precipitation is a technique for removing ionic components from water by adding counter-ions to…

Electrocoagulation is the process of passing an electrical current through a solution of liquid and suspended particles to solidify or semi-solidify it. The current generates a high temperature that is concentrated in the liquid, causing…

The ceramic industry uses a lot of water in molds, final products and polishing, which results in a lot of dirty water that contains toxic chemicals and has a bad influence on the environment. The highest levels of water pollution…

Introduction Nitrate removal is a complex process because nitrate is a stable and highly soluble ion with a low potential for precipitation or adsorption. Nitrate is seldom present in geological formations and therefore contamination…

Wastewater Characteristics Wastewater is another word for sewage; it is water that has been used in households, industries, institutions and enterprises which is often collected in a sewage collection or drainage system. Raw wastewater…