Detecting lead-lined galvanized steel pipes is crucial for utilities aiming to comply with new regulations. Water agencies can utilize various detection methods to identify lead lines. Lead-lined pipes have been part of U.S. drinking water systems since the late 1800s, originally promoted by Wakefield Galvanized of Massachusetts as a cost-effective, corrosion-resistant option. Over time, many water departments adopted these pipes, especially in the Northeast and Midwest.

The Lead Issue: A Broader Perspective

While the focus has primarily been on lead service lines (LSLs) as a significant source of lead in drinking water, it’s essential to recognize that galvanized iron or steel service lines (GSLs) also pose a risk. As discussions about safe drinking water evolve, GSLs are increasingly scrutinized alongside LSLs, especially under the proposed improvements to the Lead and Copper Rule (LCRI).

Understanding Galvanized Service Lines

– Definition and Composition

Galvanized pipes are iron or steel pipes coated in zinc to prevent corrosion. Some of these pipes are lead-lined, which raises additional health concerns. Historically, galvanized pipes were widely used in homes built between the late 1800s and the 1960s. Before 2014, the zinc coating on these pipes contained lead levels ranging from 0.5% to 2%. However, the Reduction of Lead in Drinking Water Act of 2011 reduced the maximum lead content in plumbing products to a weighted average of 0.25%.

– Lead Exposure Mechanisms

GSLs can contribute to lead exposure in two main ways:

1.Lead Capture: GSLs can capture lead from upstream sources, such as LSLs or lead connectors, which can later leach into drinking water.

2.Corrosion and Leaching: Lead from the zinc coating or the lead lining can corrode and leach into the water supply.

Utilities need to understand the entire service line, including connectors, to assess lead exposure accurately. However, historical recordkeeping often complicates this process.

Identifying Galvanized Service Lines

Identifying GSLs is relatively straightforward for homeowners and water utilities through physical inspection. A magnet can help distinguish galvanized iron pipes from lead, plastic, or copper piping. Utilities should develop a comprehensive inventory of service lines, utilizing available resources to identify GSLs effectively. The removal methods for GSLs are similar to those for LSLs, often employing trenchless techniques to minimize disruption.

Regulatory Landscape: Current and Future Changes

– Historical Context

The Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) of 1991 marked the beginning of federal regulations addressing lead and copper in drinking water. While GSLs were mentioned, the focus was primarily on corrosion control.

– Recent Developments

The Lead and Copper Rule Revisions (LCRR) of 2021 brought GSLs into sharper focus, treating some as a similar risk to LSLs. The rule defined “Galvanized Requiring Replacement” (GRR) service lines as those downstream from LSLs or of unknown material. Under the LCRR, GRRs must be identified, inventoried, and replaced alongside LSLs.

– Proposed Improvements

The draft LCRI, expected to be enacted by late 2024, will require the mandatory replacement of GRR pipes unless utilities can prove they were never downstream from an LSL. Some states, like New Jersey, have already classified all galvanized lines as LSLs, necessitating their replacement.

The Challenge of Lead-Lined Galvanized Pipes

– Historical Context

Lead-lined galvanized pipes, which date back to the late 1800s, contain a thin lead liner in contact with drinking water. These pipes pose similar health risks to LSLs but are not easily identifiable through visual inspection.

– Current Awareness and Action

Despite limited records, lead-lined pipes exist in at least 23 states. Utilities like Eau Claire, WI, have policies in place for replacing these lines. The upcoming LCRI mandates the replacement of GRRs, but utilities must also consider the potential presence of lead-lined pipes in their systems.

– Inspection Techniques

Non-invasive inspection methods, such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), are emerging to detect lead-lined pipes without disturbing the galvanized structure. While these tools can be costly, they provide essential health protections.

Funding Confusion: Navigating Financial Support

The financial implications of replacing service lines are significant. Federal funding is available for LSL replacement, but restrictions complicate the use of these funds for GRRs. Clarity is needed regarding funding eligibility, particularly for GRRs without known upstream LSLs.

Recommendations for Utilities

– Comprehensive Approach

1.Identify GSLs: Utilities must inventory all service line materials, including GSLs, and determine if they require replacement.

2.Confirm Lead Presence: Identification activities should confirm whether GSLs are lead-lined.

3.Long-Term Replacement Plans: Develop plans to replace all lead-lined pipes and GRRs alongside LSLs.

4.Expedite Replacement: Prioritize the replacement of lead-lined galvanized lines and GRRs to protect public health.

Role of the EPA and States

– Simplifying Guidance

The EPA and state agencies should simplify regulations and encourage utilities to replace all lead-lined pipes and GRRs using available funding. Clear guidelines will help utilities navigate the complexities of service line replacement.

Conclusion: Urgency in Action

Given the health risks associated with GSLs and lead-lined pipes, their replacement is as critical as addressing LSLs. Proactive measures by utilities, supported by the EPA, can expedite the removal of these hazardous pipes, ultimately protecting future generations from lead exposure.

To explore the latest innovations in water and energy technologies, and discover a wide range of products and solutions from around the world, you can visit the virtual exhibition AQUA ENERGY EXPO which featuring leading companies in water treatment, desalination, and sustainable energy through the following link: https://aquaenergyexpo.com/

Reference

1.Galvanized Pipe & Lead In Drinking Water

https://greenworksllc.com/galvanized-pipe-lead-drinking-water/

2.Get the lead out – and galvanized too while we’re at it!

https://www.policyinnovation.org/insights/get-the-lead-out-and-galvanized-too-while-were-at-it